Object

Object is the implicit root class. Every user-defined class (created with Class:Create) automatically extends Object and inherits its three methods. Built-in modules (Konsol, Math, File, etc.) are handlers and do not extend Object.

Object methods

All instances of user-defined classes have these methods available:

Class:Create(Animal) {
    Var:String name;
}

Var:Animal a;
a.name = "Rex";

Var:String t;
t = a.getType();
Konsol:Print(t);                        // Animal

Var:String s;
s = a.toString();
Konsol:Print(s);                        // [Animal]

Var:Boolean check;
check = a.isInstanceOf("Animal");
Konsol:Print(check);                    // true

check = a.isInstanceOf("Object");
Konsol:Print(check);                    // true

Exception

Exception extends Object and is the structured error carrier used by try / catch. Plugin typed exceptions (e.g. MySQLException) also extend Exception.

Fields

Methods

Usage in try/catch

try {
    throw "something went wrong";
} catch (Exception e) {
    Konsol:Print(e.message);    // something went wrong
    Konsol:Print(e.type);       // Exception
    Konsol:Print(e.code);       // 0
}

When a plugin throws a typed exception (e.g. MySQLException), the caught instance exposes the same message, type, and code fields:

try {
    MySQL:Connect("localhost", "root", "wrongpass", "mydb", db);
} catch (MySQLException e) {
    Konsol:Print("MySQL error ${e.code}: ${e.message}");
} catch (Exception e) {
    Konsol:Print("Unexpected: ${e.message}");
}

catch (Exception e) is the generic catch-all that matches any typed plugin exception. More specific types must be named exactly.

Examples

// 18_object.ks — Object root class: getType, toString, isInstanceOf

Konsol:Print("=== Object Root Class ===");

// Every class implicitly extends Object now.
// No 'extends' keyword needed — the engine wires it automatically.

Class:Create(Animal) {
    Var:String name;
    function setName(String n) { name = n; }
}

Class:Create(Dog extends Animal) {
    Var:String breed;
    function setBreed(String b) { breed = b; }
}

Class:Create(Cat extends Animal) {
    Var:String color;
}

Class:Create(Vehicle) {
    Var:Number wheels;
}

// ── getType ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Konsol:Print("--- getType ---");

Class:Dog d;
d.setName("Rex");
d.setBreed("Labrador");
d.getType();
Konsol:Print("dog getType = ${_ret}");

Class:Cat c;
c.name = "Whiskers";
c.getType();
Konsol:Print("cat getType = ${_ret}");

Class:Vehicle v;
v.wheels = 4;
v.getType();
Konsol:Print("vehicle getType = ${_ret}");

// ── toString ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Konsol:Print("--- toString (default) ---");

d.toString();
Konsol:Print("dog toString = ${_ret}");

c.toString();
Konsol:Print("cat toString = ${_ret}");

v.toString();
Konsol:Print("vehicle toString = ${_ret}");

// ── toString override ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Konsol:Print("--- toString override ---");

Class:Create(Point) {
    Var:Number x;
    Var:Number y;

    function toString() {
        // Override Object::toString with something meaningful
        _ret = "Point(" + x + ", " + y + ")";
    }
}

Class:Point p;
p.x = 3;
p.y = 7;
p.toString();
Konsol:Print("point toString = ${_ret}");

p.getType();
Konsol:Print("point getType  = ${_ret}");

// ── isInstanceOf ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Konsol:Print("--- isInstanceOf ---");

d.isInstanceOf("Dog");
Konsol:Print("dog isInstanceOf Dog    = ${_ret}");

d.isInstanceOf("Animal");
Konsol:Print("dog isInstanceOf Animal = ${_ret}");

d.isInstanceOf("Object");
Konsol:Print("dog isInstanceOf Object = ${_ret}");

d.isInstanceOf("Cat");
Konsol:Print("dog isInstanceOf Cat    = ${_ret}");

d.isInstanceOf("Vehicle");
Konsol:Print("dog isInstanceOf Vehicle= ${_ret}");

c.isInstanceOf("Cat");
Konsol:Print("cat isInstanceOf Cat    = ${_ret}");

c.isInstanceOf("Animal");
Konsol:Print("cat isInstanceOf Animal = ${_ret}");

c.isInstanceOf("Dog");
Konsol:Print("cat isInstanceOf Dog    = ${_ret}");

v.isInstanceOf("Vehicle");
Konsol:Print("veh isInstanceOf Vehicle= ${_ret}");

v.isInstanceOf("Animal");
Konsol:Print("veh isInstanceOf Animal = ${_ret}");

// ── Polymorphic-style dispatch using getType ──────────────────────────────────
Konsol:Print("--- type-based dispatch ---");

function describeAnimal(String typeName, String name) {
    if (typeName == "Dog") {
        Konsol:Print("${name} is a dog -- fetch!");
    } else if (typeName == "Cat") {
        Konsol:Print("${name} is a cat -- meow!");
    } else {
        Konsol:Print("${name} is an unknown animal");
    }
}

Class:Dog d2;
d2.name = "Buddy";
d2.getType();
describeAnimal(_ret, d2.name);

Class:Cat c2;
c2.name = "Luna";
c2.getType();
describeAnimal(_ret, c2.name);